The Space Option
The Space Option concept was first introduced in 1993 at the 44th International Astronautical Congress in Graz, Austria and subsequently developed by the authors. [1, 2] It is an evolutionary plan to meet the basic and anticipated needs of humanity with the addition of utilizing near Earth resources - not only for the in-situ support of science or exploration – but rather to apply these resources and/or their products for use on Earth at a conspicuous level. Most immediately, the harnessing of inexhaustible amounts of clean energy from space would replace humanity’s dependence on the continued use of fossil fuels while insuring humanity’s future energy needs.
Unlimited amounts of clean solar energy from space would significantly contribute to the restoration of the environment while avoiding the environmental and political consequences associated with the continued use of fossil fuels or nuclear power. Having a inexhaustible supply of clean energy and other natural resources would not only perpetuate the lifestyle of the developed nations, but would continue to provide the basic means for further stimulating the economies of the developing countries. As such, future generations would be guaranteed a sufficient supply of energy and other material resources for their further development and today's less fortunate societies would be provided with hope that they, too, could still aspire to improve their living standard beyond their present situation.
The Space Option concept has a dual origin. It follows from the search for humane solutions to the problems confronting the global community - problems which cannot be solved nor even properly addressed on a single planet. It also proceeds from an analysis for explaining the lack of progress in Astronautics, which concludes at an absence of ethical stimulus in the current design of this enterprise and which leads to the identification of the contributions that space development can give for triumphing over the impending crises. This duality of origin is an illustration of the "multi-dimensionality" of the concept: the Space Option is an imperative, but not a linear choice.
The idea is not utterly new, and builds on the tradition of Astronautical Humanism. As Krafft A. Ehricke observed in 1970:
"While civilization is more than a high material living standard, it is nevertheless based on material abundance. It does not thrive on abject poverty or in an atmosphere of resignation and hopelessness. Therefore, the end objectives of solar system exploration are social objectives in the sense that they relate to, or are dictated by, present and future human needs." [3]
Here on Earth, human civilization has reached such a point in its development where it has evolved the means to leave its home planet and to begin operating in the environment beyond its atmosphere. Optimistically, this development would enable humanity to utilize this technological capability to harness the infinite resources located off Earth in order to improve the well-being of the population as well as improving the chances that its current civilization can continue to prosper in the decades and centuries ahead - both on Earth and eventually in other places in the Solar System. On the other hand, this same capability could also be used in a negative manner in order to exert tyrannical control over a majority of the population thereby limiting prosperity to a select few, or, in the ultimate worst case, it could be used to destroy civilization and humanity’s only chance of expansion into the Cosmos.
Gerard K. O’Neill once posed the following question:
"Is a planetary surface the right place for an expanding technological civilization?" [4]
This question concisely encapsulates the idea of a Cosmic Choice. An evolving technological species existing on a planet with finite resources is faced with the ultimate challenge of maintaining its development and the viability of its civilization before it reaches the threshold of unsustainability and/or the possibility of collapse. In order to meet this challenge, it will need additional resources beyond those that are available to it on its home planet as well as an expanded environment that will stimulate the further development of its technological capabilities.
The word "option" implies that a choice can be made. Of all the options available to humanity at this moment, the Space Option presents our species with an optimistic opportunity to meet the basic and anticipated needs of human civilization through the utilization of extraterrestrial resources and to apply these resources for use on Earth so that humanity may survive and thrive in an eventual era of peace and prosperity. If implemented in time and with sufficient commitment, the ultimate reward would be a prosperous and dynamic planetary civilization living in a healthy environment as well as the creation of an infrastructure in space upon which the expansion of the human species throughout the solar system and beyond could be realistically anticipated.
The process of accessing and harnessing these resources will in turn create a technological and economic infrastructure beyond the atmosphere upon which further expansion of the human civilization can be anticipated. Consequently, if human civilization can be established beyond Earth, then the chances for its ultimate survival will correspondingly increase. However, by not embracing the Space Option, the possibility that humanity will be overrun by one or more of the many threats to its survival will increase and, likewise, its chances of ever becoming a spacefaring species will diminish. Therefore, today, we find ourselves in precisely this a critical situation – one that constitutes humanity’s Cosmic Choice.
Most people intuitively assume and fundamentally believe that terrestrial problems must have terrestrial solutions. This is obviously due to a lack of understanding about our interconnectedness and interdependence with the rest of the Cosmos. As a terrestrially evolved organism, it is in our genes to adapt to our immediate environment as we have over millions of years. Only recently have we begun to become aware of how celestial events affect our lives. We now know that such events have been critically important to the evolution of life on Earth. Impacts of comets most likely provided a young Earth with the necessary water and perhaps even the necessary genetic materials for life to appear. Subsequent impacts by large asteroids are believed to have resulted in mass extinctions of life at various times in the history of our planet. The cycles of the Sun have resulted in a number of cold periods or ice-ages where life had to struggle to survive and numerous warm periods where life has blossomed and spread. And now, in recent times, human civilization has become increasingly dependent on technological assets located in space. Removing these space assets would pose dire consequences to the functioning of our complex technological society. Thus, in all aspects, humanity’s future on Earth is irrevocably linked to its future in space. So choosing the Space Option as an optimistic pathway to securing our future would appear to be a logical choice to make.
By embracing the Space Option humanity could provide the necessary new and sufficiently abundant resources for this purpose and, while doing so, direct the aggressive aspects of human nature towards conquering the space frontier instead in the pursuit of war on itself and with its home planet. This tension-reducing potential is perhaps the greatest contribution of the Space Option to peace and security on Earth any why the Space Option Star project is so important.
In this context, the primary contribution of the Space Option to end our species’ propensity to engage in war resides in the fact that it carries with it an authentic hope, a challenge and a potential which may be able to compensate for the confusion, the despair, and the misery of the philosophy of the finite world expressed in the practice of war which is our main obstacle to becoming a spacefaring species.
The Space Option is a concept introduced by Arthur R. Woods and Marco C. Bernasconi in the 1990’s and has appeared in numerous publications and reports including ESA’s Vision 2020 documents “Rendezvous with the New Millennium – the Report of ESA’s Long Term Space Policy Committee”.
- 1993, Marco C. Bernasconi & Arthur R. Woods, Implementing the Space Option: Elaboration and Dissemination of a New Rationale For Space. (Part 1 - The Rationale) - Paper IAA.8.1-93-764 a & b presented at the 44th International Astronautical Congress, Graz, Austria. October 16-22.
- 1993, Marco C. Bernasconi & Arthur R. Woods, Implementing the Space Option: Elaboration and Dissemination of a New Rationale For Space. (Part 2 - The Space Option) - Paper IAA.8.1-93-764 a & b presented at the 44th International Astronautical Congress, Graz, Austria. October 16-22.
- Krafft A. Ehricke (1970). In-Depth Exploration of the Solar System and Its Utilization for the Benefit of Earth. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 187, 427-456.
- Stewart Brand, 1975. "Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization?" -- Interviewing Gerard O´Neill. pp 22-30. In: Stewart Brand, Ed (1977). Space Colonies. A Co-Evolution Book/ Whole Earth Catalog/ Penguin Books
